The History About The Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay

The History About The Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay Psychological egoism, once widely accepted by political economists, philosophers, and psychologists, is a controversial notion. Many agree and disagree with this perspective and the explanations for what motivates humans. Proponents erroneously argue that people are always motivated by their perceived self-interest, including altruistic acts. Through altruistic behaviors, malevolence, self-deception, and theoretical problems, this theory can be disproven. Psychological egoism states that all human actions are motivated by selfish desire. Proponents of this doctrine believe that altruism exists, but only because the consequence of such of act leads to an increase in personal happiness. Therefore, purely altruistic and benevolent acts do not exist; people seem to act in these ways, but their motives are for advancement of self-interest. These psychological egoists consider their theory to be law self-interest is an unavoidable psychological law. An alternate form of psychological egoism, psychological hedonism, relates to Jerry Benthams ideals, the only kind of desire is the desire to get or to prolong pleasant experiences, and to avoid or cut short unpleasant experiences for oneself (Feinberg 167). According to Joel Feinberg there are some points that have made psychological egoism plausible to many people. A staple of this theory is that every action of someone is promoted by his motives which serve to improve his self-interest. This staple is applicable to all actions of humans; therefore, all actions are selfish (Feinberg 167). Proponents also agree that people feel pleasure when they do something they want. Hence, we always strive to experience pleasure and pursue other things only because of the pleasurable consequences it will yield. Self-deception is a fundamental cog in the system of psychological egoism. People often trick themselves into performing a noble act rather than acting in their self-interest. Even a simple smile conceals a motive for personal pleasure a ploy to earn a positive reaction from another human. The tale of Abraham Lincoln and the sow shows fallacy in the psychological egoism statement, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ what we really want in every case is our own pleasure, and that we pursue other things only as a means (Feinberg 170). Psychological egoists claim that Lincoln acted on the sow purely for the selfish pleasure. However, that statement is wrong; pleasure, the by-product of the altruistic act, does not have to indicate that Lincoln acted in self-interest. In reality, pleasure can be used to argue that the act was not in self-interest. In situations in which people gain pleasure from a certain act there must have been a desire for something else. Lincolns desire for the pigs, when fulfilled, understandably provided pleasure. The purpose of Lincolns desire was not pleasure, but instead pleasure was the consequence of Lincoln completing his desired act. This example of Lincoln and the sow shows that, though pleasure resulted from an altruistic act, pleasure is a consequence of desir e for something else. Similar to the disinterested benevolence of Lincoln, disinterested malevolence is unexplainable by psychological egoism. Often those who commit malevolent deeds are acting in opposition of their self-interest in order to do harm to others (Feinberg 170.) A selfish person is concerned with his own self-interests. There have been incidents in which malevolent people injure themselves in order to cause harm to others; this fact is something that psychological egoists struggle to hold in their case. There are no logical mistakes made by a psychological egoist concerning self-deception but it lacks empirically. A soldier who throws himself onto a grenade to save others is self-deceived; he believes he has some duty or virtue to save others. Psychological egoists wrongly generalize self-deception because of its predicted frequency (Feinberg 170). It is impossible to exactly know someones conscious motives to carry out an action. It is even possible for the person himself to be unaware of his motives for an action. However, it is always possible for a psychological egoist to predict that someone is acting in their own self-interest. They are able to do so because it is impossible to exactly know someones motive for something. Although they can make this claim, they cannot support it with empirical data. They lack a serious conclusion to their predictions of self-interest. They are correct in saying someone may be acting in self-interest, but that cannot be empirically supported. Another problem with this theory is its issue with correlative terms. Naturally the complete understanding of a word comes with the comprehension of the correlate. Examples include good-bad, tall-short, and large-small. Common terms in psychological egoism are selfish-unselfish and self-interest-altruism. However there is a flaw with correlative terms in this theory; psychological egoists believe that altruistic behaviors are actually acts of self-interest. This statement is imprecise because it is impossible for a correlate to mean the same as the original term. Big cannot mean small and therefore stating that altruism is the correlate of self-interest is invalid. It is widely accepted that a theory which cannot be proven falsifiable is not credible. Psychological egoism states that all people act in self-interest. This statement keeps people from questioning which actions are in self-interest. If all actions are selfish then selfish actions and actions are synonymous. Because this theory claims to be universal and unfalsifiable it is meaningless. This theory attempts to redefine terms such as altruism and selfishness. These new definitions conflict with our ordinary understandings of the terms. We know altruism to be acts that contribute to welfare of others. We also know selfish acts to be those that focus on the self rather than opposites. Based on these two definitions it seems that the two are antonyms. Conversely, psychological egoists regard these two as near synonyms. Altruistic acts are selfish according to these egoists. How can altruistic acts, which are inherently beneficial to the welfare of others, be acts that have underlying motives for self-interest? That is a question that is difficult for psychological egoists to answer. I believe that because this argument is unfalsifiable, it is irrelevant. A psychological egoist may tell me that my acts can be boiled down to simple motives for self-interest. The most basic principle of this theory is that all human actions, altruistic or not, can be simplified into an act of self-interest. This statement of psychological egoism dooms it; there can be no empirical definition of the theory. Someones motives exist in their mind whether they know it or not, according to this theory. If I attempt to tell them I act for others and not for my self-interest they will tell me that I deceive myself into thinking my acts are noble or virtuous in order to satisfy my needs. If I attempt to tell them I act for others not for my self-interest they will tell me that I deceive myself into thinking my acts are noble or virtuous in order to satisfy my needs. It can never be measured and the self-deception facet of this theory attempts to compensate for the lack of empirical informat ion. Because peoples motives exist in their minds, self-deception accounts for why we do not know we act selfishly. They will explain that what I pursue is pleasure even though I tell myself otherwise. Hence, we can never know when we act selfishly because our motives are naturally hidden. This lack of empirical data is skeptical and not sufficient enough to explain why people act in their own self-interest. It is impossible to make such a bold prediction as psychological egoism does; this theory labels altruistic acts selfish, lacks explanation for malevolent acts, lacks empirical data, defies correlate terms, is unfalsifiable, and invents new definitions for ordinary words. The biggest flaw of psychological determinism is its inability to be proven falsifiable. This theory is not empirically definable. It is a closed argument because every action on earth can be broken down into an act in self-interest and therefore is irrelevant.

Do Video Games Cause Violence Essay

Do violent video games cause violent behavior? I believe that violent video games do not cause violent behavior. While I agree that violent video games may desensitize youth to violence, I don’t believe the games make the youth more violent than they already are. Its not fair to single handedly blame violent video games, when there are tons of other violent media sources out there. Karen Sternheimer is a sociologist from the University of Southern California and has been researching the topic since 1999 and she says â€Å"Placing the blame on video games exonerates the environment that a child lives in that might nurture violence: poverty, instability, family violence, unemployment, and mental illness, Sternheimer argues.† I agree with her that blaming the games is a cop out and an excuse for the parents and other violent media to not have to take responsibility. In Sternheimer article titled â€Å"Do Video Games Kill?† She says â€Å"If we want to understand wh y young people become homicidal, we need to look beyond the games they play,† I agree with Sternheimer here because I think that its safe to say a youth doesn’t just suddenly get the urge to go out and start killing people. If people were willing to look beyond face value and beyond how something appears to be. They would see that these kids who become violent might be being bullied, or depressed or have other life things going on that pushed them to the â€Å"breaking point† and they just might happen to play a violent video game. The research that show violent video games causing aggressive behavior are not accurate to how these games are played in real life. Andrew Przybylski and colleagues who wrote an article in the Review of General Psychology say that â€Å"most video game experiments only have players play for short periods of time, often for as little as 10 minutes, and violent games tend to be more difficult to learn and have more complex controls than non-violent games, it appears that many participants in these experiments may simply have been frustrated by being cut off so quickly before they even learned how to play, rather than by the violent content of the game.† (Review of General Psychology). To me this makes the research the people are using to discredit the violent video game unreliable. They are just taking the data and interpreting it to show their side as being right. I know that if I only had a short amount of time to learn a new video game it would make me pretty frustrated too. So the aggression that they are seeing is not necessarily aggression from the game as it is aggression from failing. Graduate student Jose Valadez found that both violent and nonviolent games tend to relax people over time, not anger them. People now days actually do use games to release stress and relax. Sometimes people who are feeling aggressive use the games to vent that aggression rather than have the game add to their aggression. Almost everyone will have a homicidal thought at one point or another in time. But for those thought to turn to action is a completely different problem that does not have any association with video games. When a youth acts out in violent manner instead of looking at what video games they are playing they need to be looking at the mental health and stability of the youth. Consistent and ever present homicidal thoughts are linked with severe mental health problems such as psychosis, depression, anxiety or paranoia. (Scientific American) Those mental illnesses are causing violent behavior not video games. Blaming the video games also allows for a cop out for parents. In the United States the ESRB or Entertainment Software Rating Board puts ratings on all games. Those rating range fro EC or early childhood to AO or Adult only. All of the games accused of causing violent behavior in youth such as Call Of Duty, Halo or Grand Theft Auto are all rated M for mature meaning the parents or someone of authority had to purchase these games for the youth. The ESRB rates these games with certain age requirements for a reason. Allowing anyone to blame the video game takes all accountability off of the parents because they don’t have to own the choice to ignore the advice of the rating company and allow their children to play these games. Being able to blame the video games also ignores the violence the youth is exposed to at home also allowing the parents to blame something else besides themselves. While the media says two boys went on a killing spree in the mall and they happened to play halo is a harsh generalization that shouldn’t be said or used, because while these kids may have played halo doesn’t mean that halo is the reason these kids went on a killing spree. These kids could have been being physically or emotionally abused at home. Abuse makes people feel helpless powerless and worthless. These kids could have finally just had enough and acted out in a violent manner just to finally feel like they had power in their lives. Abuse could be the answer but no one would know becaus e the parents will never admit to being abusive. If all other arguments fail the one that has to be considered is that videogames are not the only violent media out in the world. While violent video games are first person and put the player in the shoes of the shooter or killer it is no less desensitizing then it is to watch someone else on a screen kill somebody. Violent movies show some of the most realistic and grotesque violence around. When it comes to desensitizing someone to violence or glorifying violence movies are just as guilty if not more guilty than games. Movie like Act of Valor or Rambo glorify violence because they show the â€Å"hero† killing the â€Å"bad guys† in reality not on a animated picture. Violent music is also guilty but has been brought to more light in examples such as the Cassie Jo Stoddart case where the two boys who killed Cassie said they were inspired by the lyrics from a song by the band Insane Clown Posse who are known for their intensely violent lyrics. If people are wanting to blame video games a form of media they also need to look at all other forms of media involved in that youths life such as what music they have on their iPods or mP3 players to what movies they have at home and that they have watched recently. In conclusion while violent video games may contribute to the desensitization of violence they are not alone in the desensitization of violence. Also until there is a set scale and proven test to determine the aggression associated with video games they can not be blamed for the acts of anyone one else. Parents need to also be held more accountable for the actions and roles they play in these tragic events they need to stop hiding behind video games and take responsibility for what has happened.We as society also need to step up and look harder for the solution to why these teens go homicidal rather than blaming the first thing that we find.

How is John’s relationship with Elizabeth different from that with Abigail? Essay

The relationship betwen John and Abigail had more physical chemistry and lust compared to that between John and Elizabeth, who kept a more estranged and distant relationship. This is seen from Abigail’s flirtatious relationship with John, with Abigail caught admiring John physique, â€Å"absorbing his presence, wide-eyed†, in comparison with Elizabeth, who simply â€Å"receives† John’s kiss and remains indifferent towards his warm approaches. With that, we understand that John and Abigail shared a more romantic and passionate relationship between them, compared to the cold and slightly distant relationship between John and his wife. This is probably due to the fact that Abigail is more emotional and reciprocrates John’s feelings for her openly unlike Elizabeth, who tends to be more frigid and timid. With the contrast in characters, we see how each of them responds to John’s affections differently, with Elizabeth holding back from him due to t he affair he previously had. This attraction between John and Abigail is further seen in a short exchange between them, where John reacts to the flirtings with â€Å"a knowing smile†,while Abigail pushes on and asks for â€Å"a soft word†, while the Proctor household remains cold and lacking in warmth and passion. John and Elizabeth both show true concern for one another while the relationship between Abigail and John is very superficial and self-serving. This is evident where John defends Elizabeth from Abigail’s malicious comments, ordering her to â€Å"speak nothin’ of Elizabeth.†, showing that John truely does care for Elizabeth and would stand up to anyone who bad-mouths her. His protective action is a display of geniune love and his commitment to stay devoted to his wife, thus portraying him as a good and repentant husband. This is unlike his relationship with Abigail, who he later calls a â€Å"child†, that sports a condescending tone. He tries to forget all past ties he had with Abigail, even teling her that â€Å"we never touched†. He turns away from Abigail’s desperate pleas to come back to her and simply puts her away, after making use of her love for him. With that, we understand that John probably never geniunely cared for Abigail and only took advantage of her youth and naà ¯ve self to satisfy his selfish desires. John shows sacrificial love towards Elizabeth while Abigail and John’s relationship arise out of selfish desires. This can be seen when John risks his reputation to protect Elizabeth from the courts. He shows open defiance and â€Å"ripping (rips) the warrant† when Cheever comes to arrest his wife. By putting aside his pride and â€Å"white name†, he shows the reader his unconditional and unfailing love for Elizabeth. He even tries to bribe Herrick to let Elizabeth go, exclaiming â€Å"I’ll pay you!† desprately in a bid to rescue her. Although Elizabeth treated him coldly with suspicion for the past, he was still willing to give up his good name for the one he loved. He promises her a safe return and puts in all his strength to save his wife. In contrast, however, his relationship with Abigail does not show any of such love, with Abigail ending up having to plead with him for acceptance. She exclaims† John, pity me, pity me!†, begging de sperately in tears and practically clinging on to him with every ounce of energy she had . John however rejects her coldly and does nothing to comfort or assure her.

What´s is True Peace Essay - 1008 Words

The definition of peace means being free from disturbance. From a biblical perspective, the absence of conflict is only the beginning of peace. True peace includes personal wholeness, righteousness, political justice, and prosperity for all creation. That’s the way God intended things to be when he created his garden, his paradise. â€Å"Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you. I do not give to you as the world gives.† (John 14:27) The word â€Å"Islam† literally means â€Å"peace† as well as â€Å"submission.† The word â€Å"Islam,† therefore, helps define peace and how it is attained. The Islamic perspective is as well about peace and knowledge and true Muslims are peace-loving people. Peace is promoted as Allah (S.W.T) says in the Quran God does not†¦show more content†¦The word Islam means surrender or submission, submission to the will of Allah, the one God. Being a Muslim requires wilful submission and active obedienc e to God and living in accordance with His message and that can be translated into following the Qur’an and the hadith. The Quran and the hadith are the two texts which are the fundamental text for all Muslims as it is believed to contain the revelation of Allah, and the teachings of the ‘sunnah’ which is the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) complete and unaltered as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Peace is achieved through submission to Allah and this is reinforced through the principal teachings of Islam and the 5 pillars of Islam. Principal teachings in Christianity and Islam teach adherents to be kind, loving and peaceful towards each other. Key teachings such as loving each other is an important aspect as it was one of Jesus’ teaching as it says in the bible â€Å"A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.† This shows that Peace is a foundational element of the Christian communities. In Islam principal teachings tell Muslims the things they can do which are Halal and the things that are forbidden which is Haram. Peace is integrated as Allah) S.W.T) tells Muslims that â€Å"And the case of thoseShow MoreRelated The Political Legacy of President John F. Kennedy Essay examples1626 Words   |  7 Pagesidealism, echoes in today?s political atmosphere. In total, the latter argument is actually stronger. Although JFK does lack substantial legislation that would bolster a claim to a significant political legacy, in other ways John F. Kennedy has such an intense political legacy that to this very day the Presidency of the United States cannot escape it. In respect to truly monumental legislation, John F. 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International Business Chapter 1-4 - 2294 Words

Chapter 01 Globalization and International Linkages 1. To qualify as a multinational corporation, a firm must meet all of the following criteria except: A. Operations in more than one country B. International sales C. A nationality mix of managers and owners D. Sales of at least one million dollars per year 2. Antiglobalization activists: A. Contend that even within the developing world, it is protectionist policies, not trade and investment liberalization, that result in environmental and social damage B. Believe globalization will force higher-polluting countries such as China and Russia into an integrated global community that takes responsible measures to protect the environment C. Assert that if corporations are free†¦show more content†¦Assumptions about the Japanese workforce have turned out to be more myth than reality and some of the former strengths have become weaknesses in the new economy D. 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Odysseus Vs. Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1772 Words

Madison Aycock HST 328 Dr. Chang 20 Oct. 2017 Paper Topic One: Odysseus vs. Gilgamesh Sometimes it only takes a few seemingly small flaws to determine if one will live a lifetime of adversity, and this appears to be the case for both Odysseus in Homer’s Odyssey and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Unlike what their grand titles may suggest, these ‘ancient heroes’ were by no means perfect people, and, if anything, it would be more realistic to attribute the concept of imperfection with them instead. However, that is not suggesting that heroism equates to imperfection, but rather that these heroes have earned their titles from their battles with their imperfections. In the introduction of the Epic of†¦show more content†¦(Gilgamesh Tb.I P5.) Odysseus, however, was very different from Gilgamesh in terms of his ruling style. While Gilgamesh had exercised harsh and unjustified rule, Odysseus had difficulties controlling and disciplining his crewmen. Throughout Odysseus’ journey home, on the boat given to him by the Phaeacian King Alci nous, there were many instances where the crewmen did not follow his leadership, made their own decisions, and even talked back to him. For example, whilst Odysseus and his crewmen approached the island of the Sun god Helios, he reminded them of Circe’s dangerous prophecy regarding the temptations of Helios’ island. Thus, he ordered his men to sail forward (Homer, Od. 12.294-299); however, one seaman, Eurylochus, pleaded him to let them stop for the night and rest; the rest of the crewmen agreed with Eurylochus cheerfully, to which Odysseus gave in and allowed them to rest one night, if only they all promised not to harm Helios’ cattle. (Homer, Od. 12.328-329) Under better authority, the crewmen would not have pleaded to their leader, nor would their leader have given in so easily; however, Odysseus was easily manipulated and lacked the necessary authoritative skill. Unfortunately, this was neither his only nor greatest flaw. Actually, Odysseus’ greatest known flaw is what is known as hubris, and it is often described as a sense of excessive pride or defiance of the gods. Odysseus’ greatest show of hubris occurred on theShow MoreRelatedBiblical Vs. Classical Phenomenon2078 Words   |  9 PagesBiblical vs. Classical Phenomenon Throughout the semester, we have analyzed various texts that constitute some of the most important publications in the history of humankind. These myths and legends are known as the oldest in centuries and possibly the first sight of written text that humans have encountered. Dating back to the times of traditional oral-based stories, texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh have given humankind a sense of emergence in the old times of script and literature. The Epic of Gilgamesh

Death by the Process of Euthanasia Free Sample for Students

Question: Write an Essay on Euthanasia Should be legalized or not? Answer: Introduction Euthanasia which means gentle death or easy death is one of the significant issues in the medical field that has been the matter of intense debate for a long time. It encompasses several dimensions, from passive (withholding supporting measures or treatment) to active (introducing something for causing death) to involuntary (guardians consent) to voluntary (patients consent) and physician-assisted ( when medicine is prescribed by the physician and is administered to the patient by the third party for causing death). Euthanasia that includes a request to premature end the ones life has contributed towards the debate regarding the role of this kind of practices in the health care setting (Karlsson, Berggren, 2011). Hence, the purpose of this essay is to discuss whether participation in the killing of an individual is morally, ethically, and professionally sound despite having the consent and agreement of the patient. Basically, this essay will provide arguments against euthanasia base d on various ethical, religious, and moral grounds, and why it should not be legalized? Euthanasia: Should be legalized or not? Euthanasia can be described as the deliberate acceleration of the individual death based on the various terminal medical circumstances and conditions. In the present era, despite scientific and technological advancements, there is still controversy and ambiguity over the concept and acceptability of euthanasia or peaceful death. Many consider that euthanasia provides the patients with an incurable, disabling, degenerative, or debilitating condition an option of dying in dignity, and can relieve them from unbearable suffering (Van Baarsen, 2009). Further, the supporters of euthanasia consider that it can relieve the burdens of the patients from their relatives. Banning euthanasia can cause the patients with terminal illness to suffer needlessly. However, there are various ethical and moral aspects regarding the concept of euthanasia globally based on the principles of religious beliefs, personal morality, and ethical backgrounds that considers euthanasia to be a wrongful act (Doeck, 2 016). For millennia, euthanasia was regarded as legally and morally unjustifiable, however, some pro-euthanasia advocates consider it to be justified and ethically sound. According to some of the pro-euthanasia advocates, respect for the right of the patient to self-determination and autonomy indicates that the competent adults possess the right to choose death. They argue that during the process of decision-making, patients can choose euthanasia, and the states possess no right for preventing them from doing it. However, the research demonstrates that the reason behind requesting euthanasia by the dying people are far more frequently due to fear or concern of social isolation along with the fear of being a burden on their families instead of pain (Somerville, 2012). Being a burden or avoiding loneliness does not stand out to be a sufficient justification. Moreover, when it comes to the patient having a mental illness, the process becomes more complicated. As mental illness alters ones tho ught processes and generates negative thoughts over positive ones, it can impact the thinking capability of the patient. Hence, giving the right to autonomy for choosing death is not justifiable, and there are other reasons behind this kind of decisions than just pain or disease (Giand, 2016). Euthanasia is also considered to be a wrong act based on various religious beliefs that consider it to be morally and ethically unjustifiable. However, according to the American professor Joseph Fletcher who was a pioneer in bioethics considered euthanasia to be morally sound. He admits that changes in the science and technology have enabled the person to play God.According to him, as we play the role of God, we have the right of evaluating ones quality of living, and if it is useless, it is justifiable to end it. However, it is an argumentative statement as who and how it can be determined that the life had no value or became valueless (Vodiga, 1974)? On the other hand, according to the Catholic Roman Churchs teachings, euthanasia is considered as a crime against God and life, which is also supported by Roman Catholics who considers life to be sacred. Further, as per the Islamic beliefs, any kind of self-killing and reasons for death and life are in the hands of their Allah. Nobody possesses the right to harm this life, which is bestowed by Allah, indicating their disagreement on euthanasia whether passive or active. Hence, on religious grounds, there is no justification to end the persons life, no matter whatever the circumstances are (Naga Maryyan, 2013). Further, euthanasia can also raise certain morally unjustified behaviors like mala fide intention. As in todays world of declining justice and morality, there exists a possibility of misusing euthanasia by the relatives or family members for their personal benefit, for instance, for inheriting the patient's property. Further, it has been observed that the passive euthanasia take place in many cases when poor patients along with their family members are incapable of affording the huge costs in the medical treatment, hence, they withdraw or refuse treatment. Further, in case if the euthanasia is legalized, it can lead to commercialization of various health care as they will serve the patients death sentence just for the meager sum of money. Hence, euthanasia in many cases can lead to unethical and immoral behavior, thus raising various moral, legal, and ethical issues (Math, Chaturvedi, 2012). Conclusion Relieving pain, improving the patients life quality, restoring dignity, and giving patient back the power over their lives and well-being is far better in comparison to fatal injections. As many people prefer euthanasia due to fear of isolation or being a burden on others, most of the patients are visibly relieved when the patients are informed that there is no option of euthanasia. Though many supporters consider euthanasia to be advantageous, it has been observed that when the fears are properly dealt, symptoms are controlled, and appropriate emotional, spiritual, and practical help is provided to the patient, it is very rare that they will ask for death by the process of euthanasia. As there are more ethical, moral, and religious issues linked to the concept of euthanasia in comparison to the pros of it, euthanasia should not be legalized in Canada. References Doeck, L. (2016).Doctor-assisted dying: Why religious conscience must be part of the debate.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/doctor-assisted-dying-why-religious-conscience-must-be-part-of-the-debate/article29252574/ Gand, K. (2016).How mental illness complicates medically assisted dying.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/how-mental-illness-complicates-assisted-dying/article30193498/ Karlsson, C., Berggren, I. (2011). Dignified end-of-life care in the patients' own homes.Nursing Ethics,18(3), 374-385. Math, S., Chaturvedi, S. (2012). Euthanasia: Right to life vs right to die.Indian Journal Of Medical Research,136(6), 899-902. Naga, B., Maryyan, M. (2013). Legal and Ethical Issues of Euthanasia : Argumentative Essay.Middle East Journal Of Nursing,7(5), 31-39. Somerville, M. (2012).When is euthanasia justified?.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/when-is-euthanasia-justified/article4392696/ Van Baarsen, B. (2009). Suffering, Loneliness, and the Euthanasia Choice: An Explorative Study.Journal Of Social Work In End-Of-Life Palliative Care,4(3), 189-213. Vodiga, B. (1974). Euthanasia and the Right to Die - Moral, Ethical and Legal Perspectives.Chicago-Kent Law Review,51(1).